Plant Responses to Heat Stress

Climate change is happening at a breakneck speed around the world. Due to continuous alterations, the climate has created various abiotic stress situations in which heat stress is among the most crucial that negatively impact the growth, development, and metabolism of crops. When stress is too intense, the signaling process leading to cell apoptosis is also triggered. The plant reaction to high temperature (HT) depends on the degree, time duration for exposure, and plant type. Heat stress affects plant development by causing a variety of biochemical, morphological, physiological, and molecular modifications. The ability of plants to sense the HT signals, create and forward them, to begin necessary biochemical or physiological modifications to tolerate the stress is critical for their capability during HT stress. Furthermore, the responses of plants to heat stress (HS) are complicated, with unknown physiological features as well as molecular or gene pathways. A noteworthy feature of plants is that they show numeric transgenic, epigenetic approaches against heat stress. This review describes and discusses the numerous ways to improve plant thermotolerance and different molecular and physiological responses, modifications, and tolerance to HT at the cellular level.